Eddy currents

Eddy current testing (often abbreviated ET for Eddy Current Testing or ECT) is a Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) method. It allows the detection of surface or subsurface defects in electrically conductive materials without ever altering them.

Operating Principle

The method relies on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction:
Field generation: an alternating current flows through a coil (probe), creating a variable magnetic field.
Current induction: when this coil is brought near a metal part, circular electrical currents (eddy currents) are generated in the material.
Magnetic reaction: these eddy currents, in turn, create their own induced magnetic field, which opposes the initial field.
Anomaly detection: if the material has a defect (crack, corrosion, heterogeneity), the path of the currents is disrupted. This disturbance alters the impedance of the measuring coil, resulting in a signal on the device's screen.

Main Applications

This method is particularly used in cutting-edge sectors such as aerospace, automotive, nuclear, and petrochemical:
Crack Detection: Detection of fatigue or heat-treatment microcracks.
Thickness Measurement: Evaluation of the thickness of non-conductive coatings (paint, varnish) on a conductive base.
Grade Sorting: Verification of the microstructure, hardness, or conductivity of the metal part.
Piping Inspection: Analysis of the internal condition of heat exchanger tubes.

Advantages

No direct contact with the part
Easily automated for production lines
Immediate results and high detection sensitivity

Limitations

Only for conductive materials
Sensitive to the skin effect (limited penetration depth)
Requires reference calibration parts

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Eddy currents